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What is Free Evolution? Free evolution is the notion that the natural processes of organisms can cause them to develop over time. This includes the creation of new species as well as the change in appearance of existing species. A variety of examples have been provided of this, including various kinds of stickleback fish that can live in salt or fresh water, as well as walking stick insect varieties that prefer specific host plants. These are mostly reversible traits however, are not able to be the reason for fundamental changes in body plans. Evolution by Natural Selection The evolution of the myriad living organisms on Earth is an enigma that has intrigued scientists for decades. The most widely accepted explanation is Charles Darwin's natural selection process, a process that is triggered when more well-adapted individuals live longer and reproduce more effectively than those that are less well-adapted. As time passes, the number of individuals who are well-adapted grows and eventually forms an entirely new species. Natural selection is a process that is cyclical and involves the interaction of three factors including reproduction, variation and inheritance. Variation is caused by mutations and sexual reproduction, both of which increase the genetic diversity of a species. Inheritance refers to the transmission of a person's genetic traits, including recessive and dominant genes to their offspring. Reproduction is the generation of viable, fertile offspring, which includes both sexual and asexual methods. All of these elements must be in balance for natural selection to occur. If, for instance the dominant gene allele makes an organism reproduce and survive more than the recessive gene allele, then the dominant allele is more prevalent in a population. But if the allele confers a disadvantage in survival or reduces fertility, it will be eliminated from the population. This process is self-reinforcing meaning that an organism with a beneficial trait will survive and reproduce more than one with an unadaptive trait. The greater an organism's fitness, measured by its ability reproduce and endure, is the higher number of offspring it produces. People with desirable traits, like longer necks in giraffes, or bright white patterns of color in male peacocks, are more likely to survive and produce offspring, which means they will become the majority of the population over time. Natural selection only affects populations, not on individuals. This is a major distinction from the Lamarckian theory of evolution, which argues that animals acquire traits by use or inactivity. If a giraffe stretches its neck to catch prey and its neck gets longer, then the offspring will inherit this trait. The difference in neck size between generations will continue to increase until the giraffe is unable to breed with other giraffes. Evolution by Genetic Drift In the process of genetic drift, alleles of a gene could be at different frequencies in a population through random events. At some point, only one of them will be fixed (become common enough to no longer be eliminated through natural selection), and the rest of the alleles will drop in frequency. This can lead to dominance in extreme. The other alleles are eliminated, and heterozygosity decreases to zero. In 에볼루션 바카라사이트 of people it could result in the complete elimination of recessive gene. This scenario is called a bottleneck effect, and it is typical of the kind of evolutionary process when a large amount of individuals move to form a new population. A phenotypic bottleneck may occur when survivors of a catastrophe like an epidemic or mass hunting event, are concentrated in a limited area. The survivors will have an dominant allele, and will have the same phenotype. This could be caused by conflict, earthquake or even a cholera outbreak. The genetically distinct population, if left, could be susceptible to genetic drift. Walsh, Lewens and Ariew define drift as a departure from expected values due to differences in fitness. They provide the famous case of twins that are genetically identical and share the same phenotype. However one is struck by lightning and dies, while the other continues to reproduce. This kind of drift can be very important in the evolution of a species. However, it's not the only method to progress. Natural selection is the most common alternative, in which mutations and migrations maintain the phenotypic diversity in a population. Stephens argues there is a significant difference between treating the phenomenon of drift as an agent or cause and considering other causes, such as selection mutation and migration as causes and forces. He claims that a causal-process model of drift allows us to separate it from other forces and that this differentiation is crucial. He also argues that drift has a direction, i.e., it tends towards eliminating heterozygosity. It also has a size, that is determined by population size. Evolution through Lamarckism Biology students in high school are frequently exposed to Jean-Baptiste lamarck's (1744-1829) work. His theory of evolution is often referred to as “Lamarckism” and it asserts that simple organisms evolve into more complex organisms via the inheritance of traits which result from the organism's natural actions use and misuse. Lamarckism can be illustrated by the giraffe's neck being extended to reach higher levels of leaves in the trees. This would result in giraffes passing on their longer necks to their offspring, who would then grow even taller. Lamarck Lamarck, a French Zoologist, introduced a revolutionary concept in his opening lecture at the Museum of Natural History of Paris. He challenged conventional wisdom on organic transformation. According to Lamarck, living creatures evolved from inanimate materials through a series of gradual steps. Lamarck wasn't the only one to suggest this however he was widely regarded as the first to provide the subject a thorough and general explanation. The most popular story is that Lamarckism was an opponent to Charles Darwin's theory of evolution through natural selection, and both theories battled each other in the 19th century. Darwinism eventually prevailed, leading to the development of what biologists call the Modern Synthesis. The Modern Synthesis theory denies that acquired characteristics can be inherited, and instead argues that organisms evolve through the selective action of environmental factors, like natural selection. While Lamarck believed in the concept of inheritance by acquired characters and his contemporaries also paid lip-service to this notion however, it was not a major feature in any of their theories about evolution. This is partly because it was never scientifically tested. It's been over 200 years since the birth of Lamarck and in the field of genomics, there is an increasing evidence base that supports the heritability acquired characteristics. This is also referred to as “neo Lamarckism”, or more generally epigenetic inheritance. This is a model that is as reliable as the popular Neodarwinian model. Evolution through the process of adaptation One of the most popular misconceptions about evolution is that it is driven by a sort of struggle to survive. This view is inaccurate and overlooks the other forces that determine the rate of evolution. The struggle for survival is more precisely described as a fight to survive within a particular environment, which can be a struggle that involves not only other organisms, but also the physical environment itself. Understanding how adaptation works is essential to understand evolution. Adaptation refers to any particular characteristic that allows an organism to live and reproduce in its environment. It can be a physiological structure, like feathers or fur or a behavioral characteristic, such as moving to the shade during hot weather or stepping out at night to avoid the cold. The ability of an organism to draw energy from its surroundings and interact with other organisms as well as their physical environments is essential to its survival. The organism must possess the right genes to create offspring and to be able to access enough food and resources. The organism should also be able reproduce at an amount that is appropriate for its particular niche. These elements, in conjunction with gene flow and mutation, lead to a change in the proportion of alleles (different varieties of a particular gene) in a population's gene pool. Over time, this change in allele frequency can result in the development of new traits and eventually new species. Many of the features that we admire in animals and plants are adaptations, like lungs or gills to extract oxygen from the air, fur or feathers to protect themselves and long legs for running away from predators and camouflage for hiding. However, a proper understanding of adaptation requires attention to the distinction between the physiological and behavioral characteristics. Physical traits such as the thick fur and gills are physical traits. Behavior adaptations aren't like the tendency of animals to seek out companionship or to retreat into the shade in hot temperatures. 에볼루션게이밍 is important to keep in mind that insufficient planning does not cause an adaptation. A failure to consider the effects of a behavior even if it appears to be rational, could make it unadaptive.